Path Planning Interface

PX4 uses a number of MAVLink interfaces for integrating path planning services from a companion computer (including obstacle avoidance in missions, safe landing, and future services):

• There are two MAVLink Path Planning Protocol interfaces:

  • TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_WAYPOINTS: Used by PX4 to send the desired path. May be used by path planning software to send PX4 a stream of setpoints for the planned path.

  • TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_BEZIER may (alternatively) be used by path planning software to send PX4 the planned path as a bezier curve. The curve indicates the (moving) position setpoint of the vehicle over a given time period.

• The HEARTBEAT/Connection Protocol is used for "proof of life" detection.

• LOCAL_POSITION_NED and ALTITUDE send the vehicle local position and altitude, respectively.

Path planning is enabled on PX4 in automatic modes (landing, takeoff, hold, mission, return) if COM_OBS_AVOID=1. In these modes planning software is expected to supply setpoints to PX4; if the software cannot support a particular flight mode it must mirror back setpoints from the vehicle.

:::tip The message flows from PX4 UORB topics, through MAVLink, to ROS and back again are all documented in PX4/PX4-Avoidance > Message Flows. :::

All services that use this interface send and receive messages of the same type/format. Developers can therefore use this interface to create their own new companion-side path planning services or tweak the existing planner software.

:::note The PX4 Vision Autonomy Development Kit is recommended for developing path planning software. It comes with PX4 avoidance software pre-installed and can be used as the base for your own algorithms. :::

PX4 Configuration

Path planning is activated in PX4 by setting the COM_OBS_AVOID to 1.

Companion Computer Setup

Companion-side hardware setup and hardware/software configuration is provided in the PX4/PX4-Avoidance Github repo.

The actual setup/configuration required depends on the planner being used.

:::warning Only one planner can run on the companion computer at a time (at the time of writing). This means that offboard features that use different planners cannot be enabled on the same vehicle at the same time (e.g., a vehicle can support obstacle avoidance and collision prevention, but not also safe landing - or vice versa). :::

Trajectory Interface

PX4 sends information about the desired path to the companion computer (when COM_OBS_AVOID=1, in auto modes), and receives back a stream of setpoints for the planned path from the path planning software.

The desired path information is sent by PX4 using TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_WAYPOINTS messages, as described below in PX4 Waypoint Interface.

Path planner software sends back setpoints for the planned path using either TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_WAYPOINTS (see Companion Waypoint Interface) or TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_BEZIER (see Companion Bezier Trajectory Interface). The difference is that the waypoint just specifies the next setpoint destination, while the bezier trajectory describes the exact vehicle motion (i.e. a setpoint that moves in time).

:::warning Route planning software should not mix these interfaces while executing a task (PX4 will use the last received message of either type). :::

PX4 Waypoint Interface

PX4 sends the desired path in TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_WAYPOINTS messages at 5Hz.

The fields set by PX4 as shown:

• time_usec: UNIX Epoch time.

• valid_points: 3

• Point 0 - Current waypoint type adapted by FlightTaskAutoMapper (see notes below):

  • pos_x[0], pos_y[0], pos_z[0]: Type adapted x-y-z NED local position of current mission waypoint.

  • vel_x[0], vel_y[0], vel_z[0]: Type adapted x-y-z NED local velocity of current mission waypoint.

  • acc_x[0], acc_y[0], acc_z[0]: NaN

  • pos_yaw[0]: Current yaw angle

  • vel_yaw[0]: NaN

  • command[0]: The MAVLink Command for the current waypoint.
• Point 1 - Current waypoint (Unmodified/not type adapted)):

  • pos_x[1], pos_y[1], pos_z[1]: x-y-z NED local position of current mission waypoint

  • vel_x[1], vel_y[1], vel_z[1]: NaN

  • acc_x[1], acc_y[1], acc_z[1]: NaN

  • pos_yaw[1]: Yaw setpoint

  • vel_yaw[1]: Yaw speed setpoint

  • command[1]: The MAVLink Command for the current waypoint.
• Point 2 - Next waypoint in local coordinates (unmodified/not type adapted):

  • pos_x[2], pos_y[2], pos_z[2]: x-y-z NED local position of next mission waypoint

  • vel_x[2], vel_y[2], vel_z[2]: NaN

  • acc_x[2], acc_y[2], acc_z[2]: NaN

  • pos_yaw[2]: Yaw setpoint

  • vel_yaw[2]: Yaw speed setpoint

  • command[2]: The MAVLink Command for the next waypoint.
• All other indices/fields are set as NaN.

Notes:

• Point 0 is the current waypoint/target modified based on the type of target. For example, it makes sense when landing to specify the target x, y coordinates and a descent velocity. To achieve this FlightTaskAutoMapper modifies land waypoints in Point 0 to set the z component of position to NAN and the z-velocity to a desired value.

• Points 1 and 2 are not used by the safe landing planner.

• Point 1 is used by local and global planners.

Handling of Companion Failure

PX4 safely handles the case where messages are not received from the offboard system:

• If no planner is running and COM_OBS_AVOID is enabled at/from boot:

  • preflight checks will fail (irrespective of vehicle mode) and it won't fly until COM_OBS_AVOID is set to 0.

• If no planner is running and COM_OBS_AVOID is enabled after boot:

  • the vehicle will run normally in manual modes.

  • if you switch to an autonomous mode (e.g. Land Mode) it will immediately fall back to Hold mode.
• When external path planning is enabled:

  • if the HEARTBEAT is lost PX4 will emit a status message (which is displayed in QGroundControl) stating either "Avoidance system lost" or "Avoidance system timeout" (depending on the vehicle state). This is irrespective of the current flight mode.

  • if a trajectory message is not received for more than 0.5 seconds and the vehicle is in an autonomous mode (Return, Mission, Takeoff, Land), the vehicle will switch into Hold mode. :::note A planner must always provide points in this timeframe.
  • A planner will mirror back setpoints it receives when the vehicle is in a mode/state for which it doesn't provide path planning. (i.e. the vehicle will follow its desired path, delayed by a very small amount). :::

  • If the execution time of the last-supplied Bezier trajectory expires during path planning (when using the Bezier Trajectory Interface), this is treated the same as not getting a new message within 0.5 seconds (i.e. vehicle switches to Hold mode).

Companion Waypoint Interface

The path planning software (running on the companion computer) may send the planned path to PX4 as a stream of TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_WAYPOINTS messages that have the setpoint in Point 0.

The fields for the messages from the companion computer are set as shown:

• time_usec: UNIX Epoch time.

• valid_points: 1

• Current vehicle information:

  • pos_x[0], pos_y[0], pos_z[0]: x-y-z NED vehicle local position setpoint

  • vel_x[0], vel_y[0], vel_z[0]: x-y-z NED velocity setpoint

  • acc_x[0], acc_y[0], acc_z[0]: NaN

  • pos_yaw[0]: Yaw angle setpoint

  • vel_yaw[0]: Yaw speed setpoint

  • command[0]: NaN.

• All other indices/fields are set as NaN.

A planner that implements this interface must:

• Emit setpoints at more than 2Hz when receiving messages from PX4. PX4 will enter Hold mode if no message is received for more than 0.5s.
• Mirror back setpoints it receives when it doesn't support planning for the current vehicle state (e.g. the local planner would mirror back messages sent during safe landing because it does not support Land mode).

Companion Bezier Trajectory Interface

The path planning software (running on the companion computer) may send the planned path to PX4 as a stream of TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_BEZIER messages.

The message defines the path that the vehicle should follow in terms of a curve (defined by the control points), starting at the message timestamp and reaching the final point after time delta. PX4 calculates its new setpoint (the expected current position/velocity/acceleration along the curve) using the time that the message was sent, the current time, and the total time for the curve (delta).

:::note For example, say the message was sent 0.1 seconds ago, and delta (curve duration) is 0.3s. PX4 can calculate its setpoint at the 0.1s position in the curve. :::

In more detail, the TRAJECTORY_REPRESENTATION_BEZIER is parsed as follows:

• The number of Bezier control points determines the degree of the Bezier curve. For example, 3 points make a quadratic Bezier curve with constant acceleration.

• The Bezier curve must be the same degree in x, y, z, and yaw, with all Bezier control points finite

• The delta array should have the value corresponding with the last Bezier control point to indicate the duration that the waypoint takes to execute the curve to that point, from beginning to end. Other values in the delta array are ignored.

• The timestamp of the MAVLink message should be the time that the curve starts, and communication delay and clock mismatch will be compensated for on the flight controller via the timesync mechanism.

• The control points should all be specified in local coordinates (MAV_FRAME_LOCAL_NED).
• Bezier curves expire after the execution time of the Bezier curve has been reached. Ensure that new messages are sent at a high enough rate and with a long enough execution time. If this does not happen the vehicle will switch to Hold mode.

Supported Hardware

Tested companion computers and cameras are listed in PX4/PX4-Avoidance.