PX4 User Guide
  • Introduction
  • Getting Started
    • Basic Concepts
    • Vehicles/Frames
    • Flight Controllers
    • Sensors
    • Radio Systems
    • Flight Modes
    • Vehicle Status Notifications
      • LED Meanings
      • Tune/Sound Meanings
      • Preflight Checks
    • Payloads & Cameras
    • Flight Reporting
  • Basic Assembly
    • Mounting the Flight Controller
    • Mounting the GPS/Compass
    • Vibration Isolation
    • Cable Wiring
    • CUAV Pixhawk V6X Wiring QuickStart
    • CUAV V5+ Wiring Quickstart
    • CUAV V5 nano Wiring Quickstart
    • Holybro Pixhawk 6C Wiring Quickstart
    • Holybro Pixhawk 6X Wiring Quickstart
    • Holybro Pixhawk 5X Wiring Quickstart
    • Holybro Pixhawk 4 Wiring Quickstart - Discontinued
    • Holybro Pixhawk 4 Mini Wiring Quickstart - Discontinued
    • Holybro Durandal Wiring Quickstart
    • Holybro Pix32 v5 Wiring Quickstart
    • Cube Wiring Quickstart
    • Pixracer Wiring Quickstart
    • mRo (3DR) Pixhawk Wiring Quickstart
  • Standard Configuration
    • Firmware
    • Airframe
    • Sensor Orientation
    • Compass
    • Gyroscope
    • Accelerometer
    • Airspeed
    • Level Horizon Calibration
    • Radio Setup
    • Joystick Setup
    • Flight Modes
    • Battery
    • Safety
      • Failsafe Simulation
    • ESC Calibration
    • Actuators
    • Autotune
  • Vehicle Types & Setup
    • Multicopters
      • Multicopter Config/Tuning
        • MC Filter/Control Latency Tuning
        • MC PID Tuning (Manual/Basic)
        • MC PID Tuning Guide (Manual/Advanced)
        • MC Setpoint Tuning (Trajectory Generator)
          • MC Jerk-limited Type Trajectory
        • Multicopter Racer Setup
      • X500 v2 (Pixhawk 6C)
      • X500 v2 (Pixhawk 5X)
      • X500 (Pixhawk 4)
      • S500 V2 (Pixhawk 4)
      • DJI F450 (CUAV v5+)
      • DJI F450 (CUAV v5 nano)
      • QAV250 (Pixhawk4 Mini) - Discontinued
      • DJI F450 + RTK (Pixhawk 3 Pro)
      • QAV250 (Pixhawk Mini)
      • QAV-R 5" Racer (Pixracer)
      • Omnicopter
    • Planes
      • Fixed Wing Config/Tuning
        • Fixedwing PID Tuning Guide
        • Fixedwing Advanced Tuning Guide
        • Fixedwing Trimming Guide
      • Reptile Dragon 2 (ARK6X)
      • Turbo Timber Evolution (Pixhawk 4 Mini)
      • Wing Wing Z84 (Pixracer)
    • VTOL
      • VTOL Config/Tuning
        • QuadPlane Configuration
        • Back-transition Tuning
        • VTOL w/o Airspeed Sensor
        • VTOL Weather Vane
      • Standard VTOL
        • FunCub QuadPlane (Pixhawk)
        • Ranger QuadPlane (Pixhawk)
        • Falcon Vertigo QuadPlane (Dropix)
      • Tailsitter VTOL
        • Build: TBS Caipiroshka Tailsitter Build (Pixracer)
      • Tiltrotor VTOL
        • Build: Convergence Tiltrotor (Pixfalcon)
    • Airships (experimental)
    • Autogyros (experimental)
      • ThunderFly Auto-G2 (Holybro pix32)
    • Balloons (experimental)
    • Helicopter (experimental)
      • Helicopter Config/Tuning
    • Rovers (experimental)
      • Traxxas Stampede
    • Submarines (experimental)
      • BlueROV2
    • Airframes Reference
  • Flying
    • First Flight Guidelines
    • Flying 101
    • Missions
      • Package Delivery Mission
    • GeoFence
    • Safety Point Planning
    • Flight Modes
      • Position Mode (MC)
      • Altitude Mode (MC)
      • Manual/Stabilized Mode (MC)
      • Acro Mode (MC)
      • Orbit Mode (MC)
      • Position Mode (FW)
      • Altitude Mode (FW)
      • Stabilized Mode (FW)
      • Acro Mode (FW)
      • Manual Mode (FW)
      • Takeoff Mode
      • Land Mode
      • Return Mode
      • Hold Mode
      • Mission Mode
      • Follow Me Mode
      • Offboard Mode
    • Terrain Following/Holding
  • Flight Log Analysis
    • Log Analysis using Flight Review
    • Log Analysis using PlotJuggler
  • Advanced Configuration
    • Finding/Updating Parameters
    • Full Parameter Reference
    • ECL/EKF Overview & Tuning
    • Flight Termination Configuration
    • Bootloader Flashing onto Betaflight Systems
    • Land Detector Configuration
    • Prearm/Arm/Disarm Configuration
    • IMU Factory Calibration
    • Sensor Thermal Compensation
    • Compass Power Compensation
    • Advanced Controller Orientation
    • Static Pressure Buildup
    • Serial Port Configuration
    • MAVLink Telemetry (OSD/GCS)
    • PX4 Ethernet Setup
    • Bootloader Update
  • Hardware (Drones&Parts)
    • Complete Vehicles
      • ModalAI Starling
      • PX4 Vision Kit
      • MindRacer BNF & RTF
        • MindRacer 210
        • NanoMind 110
      • Holybro Kopis 2
      • Bitcraze Crazyflie 2.1
    • Flight Controllers (Autopilots)
      • Pixhawk Series
        • Silicon Errata
      • Pixhawk Standard Autopilots
        • CUAV Pixhawk V6X (FMUv6X)
        • Holybro Pixhawk 6X (FMUv6X)
        • Holybro Pixhawk 6C (FMUv6C)
        • Holybro Pixhawk 6C Mini(FMUv6C)
        • Holybro Pix32 v6 (FMUv6C)
        • Holybro Pixhawk 5X (FMUv5X)
        • Holybro Pixhawk 4 (FMUv5) - Discontinued
        • Holybro Pixhawk 4 Mini (FMUv5) - Discontinued
        • Drotek Pixhawk 3 Pro (FMUv4pro)
        • mRo Pixracer (FMUv4)
        • Hex Cube Black (FMUv3)
        • mRo Pixhawk (FMUv3)
        • Holybro Pixhawk Mini (FMUv3) - Discontinued
      • Manufacturer-Supported Autopilots
        • AirMind MindPX
        • AirMind MindRacer
        • ARK Electronics ARKV6X
        • CUAV X7
        • CUAV Nora
        • CUAV V5+ (FMUv5)
        • CUAV V5 nano (FMUv5)
        • CUAV Pixhack v3 (FMUv3)
        • CubePilot Cube Orange+ (CubePilot)
        • CubePilot Cube Orange (CubePilot)
        • CubePilot Cube Yellow (CubePilot)
        • Holybro Kakute H7v2
        • Holybro Kakute H7mini
        • Holybro Kakute H7
        • Holybro Durandal
        • Holybro Pix32 v5
        • ModalAI Flight Core v1
        • ModalAI VOXL Flight
        • ModalAI VOXL 2
        • mRobotics-X2.1 (FMUv2)
        • mRo Control Zero F7)
        • NXP RDDRONE-FMUK66 FMU
        • Sky-Drones AIRLink
        • SPRacing SPRacingH7EXTREME
        • ThePeach FCC-K1
        • ThePeach FCC-R1
      • Experimental Autopilots
        • BeagleBone Blue
        • Raspberry Pi 2/3 Navio2
        • Raspberry Pi 2/3/4 PilotPi
          • PilotPi with Raspberry Pi OS
          • PilotPi with Ubuntu Server
      • Discontinued Autopilots/Vehicles
        • Drotek Dropix (FMUv2)
        • Omnibus F4 SD
        • BetaFPV Beta75X 2S Brushless Whoop
        • Bitcraze Crazyflie 2.0
        • Aerotenna OcPoC-Zynq Mini
        • CUAV v5
        • Holybro Kakute F7 (Discontinued)
        • Holybro Pixfalcon
        • Holybro pix32 (FMUv2)
        • mRo AUAV-X2
        • 3DR Pixhawk 1
        • Snapdragon Flight
        • Intel® Aero RTF Drone (Discontinued)
      • Pixhawk Autopilot Bus (PAB) & Carriers
        • ARK Electronics Pixhawk Autopilot Bus Carrier
    • Flight Controller Peripherals
      • ADSB/FLARM (Traffic Avoidance)
      • Air Traffic Avoidance: ADSB/FLARM
      • Air Traffic Avoidance: UTM
      • Airspeed Sensors
        • TFSlot Airspeed Sensor
      • Barometers
      • Camera
      • Distance Sensors (Rangefinders)
        • Lightware SFxx Lidar
        • Ainstein US-D1 Standard Radar Altimeter
        • LeddarOne Lidar
        • Benewake TFmini Lidar
        • Lidar-Lite
        • TeraRanger
        • Lanbao PSK-CM8JL65-CC5
        • Avionics Anonymous Laser Altimeter UAVCAN Interface
      • ESCs & Motors
        • PWM ESCs and Servos
        • DShot ESCs
        • OneShot ESCs and Servos
        • DroneCAN ESCs
          • Zubax Telega
          • PX4 Sapog ESC Firmware
            • Holybro Kotleta
            • Zubax Orel
        • VESC
      • TBS Crossfire (CRSF) Telemetry
      • FrSky Telemetry
      • Gimbal (Mount) Configuration
      • GPS/Compass
        • ARK GPS
        • Holybro DroneCAN M8N GPS
        • LOCOSYS Hawk A1 GNSS
        • Hex Here2
        • Holybro M8N & M9N GPS
        • Sky-Drones SmartAP GPS
      • Grippers
        • Servo Gripper
      • Optical Flow
        • ARK Flow
        • PMW3901
        • PX4FLOW (Deprecated)
      • Precision Landing
      • Parachute
      • Power Modules/PDB
        • CUAV HV pm
        • CUAV CAN PMU
        • Holybro PM02
        • Holybro PM07
        • Holybro PM06 V2
        • Holybro PM02D (digital)
        • Holybro PM03D (digital)
        • Pomegranate Systems Power Module
        • Sky-Drones SmartAP PDB
      • Satellite Coms (Iridium/RockBlock)
      • Telemetry Radios
        • SiK Radio
          • RFD900 (SiK) Telemetry Radio
          • HolyBro (SIK) Telemetry Radio
        • Telemetry Wifi
          • ESP8266 WiFi Module
          • ESP32 WiFi Module
          • 3DR Telemetry Wifi (Discontinued)
        • Microhard Serial Telemetry Radio
          • ARK Electron Microhard Serial Telemetry Radio
          • Holybro Microhard P900 Telemetry Radio
        • CUAV P8 Telemetry Radio
        • HolyBro XBP9X - Discontinued
      • RTK GPS
        • ARK RTK GPS
        • RTK GPS Heading with Dual u-blox F9P
        • CUAV C-RTK
        • CUAV C-RTK2 PPK/RTK GNSS
        • CUAV C-RTK 9Ps
        • Femtones MINI2 Receiver
        • Freefly RTK GPS
        • Holybro H-RTK-F9P
        • Holybro H-RTK-M8P
        • Holybro H-RTK Unicore UM982 GPS
        • Locosys Hawk R1
        • Locosys Hawk R2
        • Septentrio AsteRx-RIB
        • Septentrio mosaic-go
        • Trimble MB-Two
        • CubePilot Here+ (Discontined)
      • Remote ID
      • Smart Batteries
        • Rotoye Batmon Battery Smartification Kit
      • Tachometers (Revolution Counters)
        • ThunderFly TFRPM01 Tachometer Sensor
      • I2C Peripherals
        • I2C bus accelerators
        • TFI2CADT01 I2C address translator
      • CAN Peripherals
      • DroneCAN Peripherals
        • PX4 DroneCAN Firmware
        • ARK CANnode
    • Companion Computers
      • Pixhawk + Companion Setup
        • RasPi Pixhawk Companion
      • Companion Computer Peripherals
      • Holybro Pixhawk RPI CM4 Baseboard
      • Auterion Skynode
      • Computer Vision
        • Obstacle Avoidance
        • Safe Landing
        • Collision Prevention
        • Path Planning Interface
        • Motion Capture (MoCap)
        • Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO)
          • Realsense T265 Tracking Camera (VIO)
      • Video Streaming
  • Development
    • Getting Started
      • Recommended Hardware/Setup
      • Toolchain Installation
        • MacOS Setup
        • Ubuntu Setup
        • Windows Setup
        • Visual Studio Code IDE
        • Other/Generic Tools
      • Building the Code
      • Writing your First Application
      • Application/Module Template
    • Concepts
      • PX4 Architecture
      • PX4 Flight Stack Architecture
        • Controller Diagrams
      • Events Interface
      • Flight Modes
      • Flight Tasks
      • Control Allocation
      • PWM limit state machine
      • System Startup
      • SD Card Layout
    • Simulation
      • jMAVSim Simulation
        • Multi-Vehicle Sim with JMAVSim
      • Gazebo Simulation
        • Vehicles
        • Multi-Vehicle Sim
      • Gazebo Classic Simulation
        • Vehicles
        • Worlds
        • Multi-Vehicle Sim
      • FlightGear Simulation
        • FlightGear Vehicles
        • Multi-Vehicle Sim with FlightGear
      • JSBSim Simulation
      • AirSim Simulation
      • Multi-Vehicle Simulation
      • Simulate Failsafes
      • HITL Simulation
      • Simulation-In-Hardware
    • Hardware
      • Flight Controller Reference Design
      • Manufacturer’s Board Support Guide
      • Flight Controller Porting Guide
        • PX4 Board Configuration (kconfig)
        • NuttX Board Porting Guide
      • Serial Port Mapping
      • Airframes
        • Adding a New Airframe
      • Device Drivers
      • Telemetry Radio
        • SiK Radio
      • Sensor and Actuator I/O
        • DroneCAN
        • I2C Bus
        • UART/Serial Ports
          • Port-Configurable Serial Drivers
      • RTK GPS (Integration)
    • Middleware
      • uORB Messaging
      • uORB Graph
      • uORB Message Reference
        • ActionRequest
        • ActuatorArmed
        • ActuatorControlsStatus
        • ActuatorMotors
        • ActuatorOutputs
        • ActuatorServos
        • ActuatorServosTrim
        • ActuatorTest
        • AdcReport
        • Airspeed
        • AirspeedValidated
        • AirspeedWind
        • AutotuneAttitudeControlStatus
        • BatteryStatus
        • ButtonEvent
        • CameraCapture
        • CameraStatus
        • CameraTrigger
        • CellularStatus
        • CollisionConstraints
        • CollisionReport
        • ControlAllocatorStatus
        • Cpuload
        • DebugArray
        • DebugKeyValue
        • DebugValue
        • DebugVect
        • DifferentialPressure
        • DistanceSensor
        • Ekf2Timestamps
        • EscReport
        • EscStatus
        • EstimatorAidSource1d
        • EstimatorAidSource2d
        • EstimatorAidSource3d
        • EstimatorBias
        • EstimatorBias3d
        • EstimatorEventFlags
        • EstimatorGpsStatus
        • EstimatorInnovations
        • EstimatorSelectorStatus
        • EstimatorSensorBias
        • EstimatorStates
        • EstimatorStatus
        • EstimatorStatusFlags
        • Event
        • FailsafeFlags
        • FailureDetectorStatus
        • FollowTarget
        • FollowTargetEstimator
        • FollowTargetStatus
        • GeneratorStatus
        • GeofenceResult
        • GimbalControls
        • GimbalDeviceAttitudeStatus
        • GimbalDeviceInformation
        • GimbalDeviceSetAttitude
        • GimbalManagerInformation
        • GimbalManagerSetAttitude
        • GimbalManagerSetManualControl
        • GimbalManagerStatus
        • GpioConfig
        • GpioIn
        • GpioOut
        • GpioRequest
        • GpsDump
        • GpsInjectData
        • Gripper
        • HealthReport
        • HeaterStatus
        • HomePosition
        • HoverThrustEstimate
        • InputRc
        • InternalCombustionEngineStatus
        • IridiumsbdStatus
        • IrlockReport
        • LandingGear
        • LandingGearWheel
        • LandingTargetInnovations
        • LandingTargetPose
        • LaunchDetectionStatus
        • LedControl
        • LogMessage
        • LoggerStatus
        • MagWorkerData
        • MagnetometerBiasEstimate
        • ManualControlSetpoint
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        • MissionResult
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        • ObstacleDistance
        • OffboardControlMode
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        • OrbTestLarge
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        • OrbitStatus
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        • PositionControllerStatus
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        • PositionSetpointTriplet
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On this page
  • Overview
  • Land Modes
  • Landing Phases
  • Initiating a Precision Landing
  • Mission Precision Landing
  • Return Mode Precision Landing
  • Precision Landing Flight Mode
  • Hardware Setup
  • IR Sensor/Beacon Setup
  • Offboard Positioning
  • Firmware Configuration
  • PX4 Configuration (Parameters)
  • IR Beacon Scaling
  • Simulation
  • Operating Principles
  • Landing Target Estimator
  • Enhanced Vehicle Position Estimation
  • Landing Phases Flow Diagram
  1. Hardware (Drones&Parts)
  2. Flight Controller Peripherals

Precision Landing

PreviousPX4FLOW (Deprecated)NextParachute

Last updated 1 year ago

PX4 supports precision landing for multicopters on either stationary or moving targets. The target may be provided by an onboard IR sensor and a landing beacon, or by an offboard positioning system.

Precision landing can be as part of a , in a landing, or by entering the .

:::note Precision landing is only possible with a valid global position (due to a limitation in the current implementation of the position controller). :::

Overview

Land Modes

A precision landing can be configured to either be "required" or "opportunistic". The choice of mode affects how a precision landing is performed.

Required Mode

In Required Mode the vehicle will search for a target if none is visible when landing is initiated. The vehicle will perform a precision landing if a target is located.

The search procedure consists of climbing to the search altitude (). If the target is still not visible at the search altitude and after a search timeout (), a normal landing is initiated at the current position.

:::note If using an offboard positioning system PX4 assumes that the target is visible when it is receiving MAVLink messages. :::

Opportunistic Mode

In Opportunistic Mode the vehicle will use precision landing if (and only if) the target is visible when landing is initiated. If it is not visible the vehicle immediately performs a normal landing at the current position.

Landing Phases

A precision landing has three phases:

  1. Descent over target: The vehicle descends, while remaining centered over the target. If the target is lost during this phase (not visible for longer than PLD_BTOUT), a search procedure is initiated (during a required precision landing) or the vehicle does a normal landing (during an opportunistic precision landing).

Initiating a Precision Landing

Precision landing can be used in missions, during the landing phase in Return mode, or by entering the Precision Land mode.

Mission Precision Landing

  • 0: Normal landing without using the target.

Return Mode Precision Landing

  • 0: Precision landing disabled (land as normal).

Precision Landing Flight Mode

Precision landing can be enabled by switching to the Precision Landing flight mode.

commander mode auto:precland

:::note When switching to the mode in this way, the precision landing is always "required"; there is no way to specify the type of landing. :::

:::note At time of writing is no convenient way to directly invoke precision landing (other than commanding return mode):

  • QGroundControl does not provide it as a UI option.

Hardware Setup

IR Sensor/Beacon Setup

:::note Many infrared based range sensors do not perform well in the presence of the IR-LOCK beacon. Refer to the IR-LOCK guide for other compatible sensors. :::

Offboard Positioning

Firmware Configuration

Precision landing requires the modules irlock and landing_target_estimator. These are included in PX4 firmware by default, for most flight controllers.

CONFIG_DRIVERS_IRLOCK=y
CONFIG_MODULES_LANDING_TARGET_ESTIMATOR=y

PX4 Configuration (Parameters)

Parameter
Description

IR-LOCK Sensor (external I2C). Disable: 0 (default): Enable: 1).

Landing target is moving (0) or stationary (1). Default is moving.

Horizontal acceptance radius, within which the vehicle will start descending. Default is 0.2m.

Landing Target Timeout, after which the target is assumed lost. Default is 5 seconds.

Final approach altitude. Default is 0.1 metres.

Maximum number of search attempts in an required landing.

IR Beacon Scaling

Measurement scaling may be necessary due to lens distortions of the IR-LOCK sensor.

If you observe slow sideways oscillations of the vehicle while doing a precision landing with LTEST_MODE set to stationary, the beacon measurements are likely scaled too high and you should reduce the scale parameter in the relevant direction.

Simulation

To start the simulation with the world that contains a IR-LOCK beacon and a vehicle with a range sensor and IR-LOCK camera, run:

make px4_sitl gazebo-classic_iris_irlock

Operating Principles

Landing Target Estimator

The landing_target_estimator takes measurements from the irlock driver as well as the estimated terrain height to estimate the beacon's position relative to the vehicle.

The measurements in irlock_report contain the tangent of the angles from the image center to the beacon. In other words, the measurements are the x and y components of the vector pointing towards the beacon, where the z component has length "1". This means that scaling the measurement by the distance from the camera to the beacon results in the vector from the camera to the beacon. This relative position is then rotated into the north-aligned, level body frame using the vehicle's attitude estimate. Both x and y components of the relative position measurement are filtered in separate Kalman Filters, which act as simple low-pass filters that also produce a velocity estimate and allow for outlier rejection.

The landing_target_estimator publishes the estimated relative position and velocity whenever a new irlock_report is fused into the estimate. Nothing is published if the beacon is not seen or beacon measurements are rejected. The landing target estimate is published in the landing_target_pose uORB message.

Enhanced Vehicle Position Estimation

If the target is specified to be stationary using the parameter LTEST_MODE, the vehicle's position/velocity estimate can be improved with the help of the target measurements. This is done by fusing the target's velocity as a measurement of the negative velocity of the vehicle.

Landing Phases Flow Diagram

Horizontal approach: The vehicle approaches the target horizontally while keeping its current altitude. Once the position of the target relative to the vehicle is below a threshold (), the next phase is entered. If the target is lost during this phase (not visible for longer than ), a search procedure is initiated (during a required precision landing) or the vehicle does a normal landing (during an opportunistic precision landing).

Final approach: When the vehicle is close to the ground (closer than ), it descends while remaining centered over the target. If the target is lost during this phase, the descent is continued independent of the kind of precision landing.

Search procedures are initiated in the first and second steps, and will run at most times. Landing Phases Flow Diagram

A flow diagram showing the phases can be found in below.

Precision landing can be initiated as part of a using with param2 set appropriately:

1: precision landing.

2: precision landing.

Precision landing can be used in the landing phase.

This is enabled using the parameter , which takes the following values:

1: precision landing.

2: precision landing.

You can verify this using the to enter the following command:

only works in missions.

should work, but you will need to determine the appropriate base and custom modes used by PX4 to represent the precision landing mode. :::

The IR sensor/landing beacon solution requires an and downward facing connected to the flight controller, and an IR beacon as a target (e.g. ). This enables landing with a precision of roughly 10 cm (GPS precision, by contrast, may be as large as several meters).

Install the IR-LOCK sensor by following the . Ensure that the sensor's x axis is aligned with the vehicle's y axis and the sensor's y axis aligned with the vehicle's -x direction (this is the case if the camera is pitched down 90 degrees from facing forward).

Install a (the LidarLite v3 has been found to work well).

The offboard solution requires a positioning system that implements the MAVLink . This can use any positioning mechanism to determine the landing target, for example computer vision and a visual marker.

The system must publish the coordinates of the target in the message. Note that PX4 requires LANDING_TARGET.frame to be and only populates the fields x, y, and z. The origin of the local NED frame [0,0] is the home position (you can map this home position to global coordinates using ).

PX4 does not explicitly require a or other sensors, but will perform better if it can more precisely determine its own position.

They are not included by default on FMUv2-based controllers. On these, and other boards where they are not included, you can add them by setting the following keys to 'y' in the relevant configuration file for your flight controller (e.g. as done here for FMUv5: ):

The IR-Lock sensor is disabled by default. Enable it by setting to 1 (true).

determines if the target is assumed to be stationary or moving. If LTEST_MODE is set to moving (e.g. it is installed on a vehicle on which the multicopter is to land), target measurements are only used to generate position setpoints in the precision landing controller. If LTEST_MODE is set to stationary, the target measurements are also used by the vehicle position estimator (EKF2 or LPE).

Other relevant parameters are listed in the parameter reference under and parameters. Some of the most useful ones are listed below.

RTL precision land mode. 0: disabled, 1: , 2: .

and can be used to scale beacon measurements before they are used to estimate the beacon's position and velocity relative to the vehicle. Note that LTEST_SCALE_X and LTEST_SCALE_Y are considered in the sensor frame, not the vehicle frame.

To calibrate these scale parameters, set LTEST_MODE to moving, fly your multicopter above the beacon and perform forward-backward and left-right motions with the vehicle, while landing_target_pose and vehicle_local_position. Then, compare landing_target_pose.vx_rel and landing_target_pose.vy_rel to vehicle_local_position.vx and vehicle_local_position.vy, respectively (both measurements are in NED frame). If the estimated beacon velocities are consistently smaller or larger than the vehicle velocities, adjust the scale parameters to compensate.

Precision landing with the IR-LOCK sensor and beacon can be simulated in .

You can change the location of the beacon either by moving it in the Gazebo Classic GUI or by changing its location in the .

This image shows the as a flow diagram.

mission
MAV_CMD_NAV_LAND
Return mode
MAV_CMD_NAV_LAND
MAV_CMD_DO_SET_MODE
IR-LOCK Sensor
distance sensor
IR-LOCK MarkOne
official guide
Landing Target Protocol
LANDING_TARGET
MAV_FRAME_LOCAL_NED
GPS_GLOBAL_ORIGIN
distance sensor
PX4-Autopilot/boards/px4/fmu-v5/default.px4board
Gazebo Classic
Gazebo world
landing phases flow Diagram
Opportunistic
Required
Opportunistic
Required
landing phases
Opportunistic
Required
LANDING_TARGET
started/initiated
mission
Return mode
Precision Land flight mode
range/distance sensor
QGroundControl MAVLink Console
Precision Landing Flow Diagram
logging
PLD_SRCH_ALT
PLD_SRCH_TOUT
PLD_HACC_RAD
PLD_BTOUT
PLD_FAPPR_ALT
PLD_MAX_SRCH
RTL_PLD_MD
SENS_EN_IRLOCK
LTEST_MODE
Landing_target estimator
Precision land
LTEST_SCALE_X
LTEST_SCALE_Y
SENS_EN_IRLOCK
LTEST_MODE
PLD_HACC_RAD
PLD_BTOUT
PLD_FAPPR_ALT
PLD_MAX_SRCH
RTL_PLD_MD